An+Urban+Society

Before 1865, most immigrants in the United States came from the northern and western Europe. After the Civil War, immigrants from the other countries began making the journey to the United States. Then in the 1800s new immigrants came from the eastern and western Europe. A lot of these new immigrants were Catholic or Jews. Immigration from Mexico and Asia increased. Many people were pushed away from home and pulled into the United States. Manny people **emigrated ** or left their homeland because of economic troubles. They also left their homelands because of persecution. Most immigrants traveled in **steerage ** which is cramped quarters on the lower decks of ships. Immigrants landed in New York City at Castel Garden, a formal fort on Manhattan Island. After 1892, the landed on Ellis Island in New York harbor. After 1886 the Statue of Liberty greeted immigrants in New York harbor. On the base, the words of Emma Lazarus, an American poet, said “Give me you’re tired, you’re poor, your huddled masses yearning to be free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me; I lift my lamp beside the golden door!” Most Asian immigrants went through the processing center on Angel Island in San Francisco Bay Examiners recorded immigrant’s names, asked them were they came from, their occupation, and whether they had relatives in the United States If they had contagious diseases, they were sent back to their country Immigrants had a lot of trouble finding work in the United States but some of the fastest growing industries hired immigrants because of the cheap labor. Many immigrants, including women and children, worked in sweatshops, which were dark crowded shops where workers made clothing. Some immigrants tried to preserve their own culture but some wanted to **assimilate**, or become part of the American culture. American culture and immigrant culture sometimes came into conflict, causing issues with a lot of immigrant families. Most immigrants clustered with immigrants from their country and formed their own communities. These communities usually incorporated their traditions and their religions with their communities. [|Ellis Island Photo]
 * //Chapter 6 Section 1 //**
 * The New Immigrants[[image:108.jpg width="288" height="206" align="right" caption="Immigrants"]] **
 * A Flood of Immigrants **
 * The Immigrants Experience **
 * The Nativist Movement **

Some native-born Americans resented the immigrants and they argued that immigrants would not fit into America. Calls for restrictions on immigration increased in the late 1800’s. In 1882, Congress passed the **Chinese Exclusion Act ** which prohibited Chinese workers from entering the United States for ten years and they extended this law for a total of thirty years. The number of Japanese immigrants was limited as well. Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1917 which forced immigrants to be literate and a lot of them were not. There were those Americans that also supported immigration, and they were probably the majority, but they are less publicized because there is less to talk about them.


 * //Chapter 6 Section 2 //**
 * Moving to the City **
 * Growth of Cities **

After the Civil War, cities grew rapidly. Around half of the American population lived in cities. Most of the growth of the city was due to immigrants. Eighty percent or more of the population was made up of immigrants and their children in 1890. Also, African American immigrants made up some of the population, as well. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">America’s expanded network fed the growth of cities. Not only did railroads help people move from one place to another, the helped transport raw materials for industry. Some cities flourished because of nearby resources, as well. While the American trade increased with the rest of the world, New York and San Francisco developed. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In the biggest most crowded cities, the poorest residents including most immigrants lived in buildings called **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">tenements **. Eventually tenements became known as **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">slums ** which are poor rundown neighborhoods. Most of the time, several people lived in one room and several families had to share a cold-water tap and a toilet. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Cities had a growing middle class, which included the families of doctors, lawyers, and ministers as well as managers, and salaried office clerks. Also, many families lived in **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">suburbs ** which are residential areas that sprang up outside of city centers. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Gilded Age ** was the time period when a lot of people were very poor and a few were very rich making it so that it was a thin covering of gold. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Cities that were growing suffered from health problems, sanitation problems, poverty, fire, and crime. Some orphaned and homeless children had to resort to making **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">minor **, or less serious, crimes to survive. People worked to improve4 life for people. The poor got help for **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">settlement houses **, which were institutions located in poor neighborhoods that provided medical care, child care, libraries, and classes in English. The Hull House was one of the most famous settlement house founded by Jane Addams in 1889. Because of the filth, health problems were widespread. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">New technology in transportation and architecture reshaped cities. Urban growth led to new development.
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Transportation and Resources **
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tenement Living **
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Middle Class **
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Very Rich **
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Cities in Crisis **
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Changing City **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Due to limited spaces in the cities, imaginative architects began building up rather than out. An example of them building up not out is a skyscraper. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">**Skyscrapers** are tall buildings supported by an iron and steel frame. One of the first people to design a skyscraper was Louis Sullivan. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Many architects used new designs in cities. New York’s central park was designed by Frederick Law Olmstead. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Due to the new growth of cities, people needed new forms of transportation. An example of new transportation is cable –car lines. In San Francisco, construction began on these cable-car lines in 1837. In 1987, Boston opened the nation’s first subway, or underground railroads. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Building construction also improved urban transportation. The new forms of transportation not only helped people travel within cities; they also helped the cities grow. The increase in immigration and the growth of the cities went hand in hand with the other changes in American life. Also, the education, culture, and recreation were changing as well.
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Building Up- Not Out **
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">New Designs **
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">New Forms of Transportation **
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Building Bridges [[image:booklyn_bridge.jpg width="184" height="128" align="right" caption="Brooklyn Bridge in the 1800s"]] **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Most Americans in 1865 had attended school for an average of only four years. Because of this low rate of attendants, government and business leaders believed that people needed schooling. During the mid to late 1800s, public schools had grown from 100 in 1860 to 6,000 by 1900 and 12,000 in 1914. Despite this huge increase, many boys didn’t attend high school but worked instead, so the majority of high school students were girls.
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%;">Chapter 6 Section 3 //**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%;">A Changing Culture **
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Expanding Education **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1862, the //1862 Morrill Act// gave states federal land that could be sold to raise money for education. Most states used these funds to start **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">land-grant schools **. In 1865, few American colleges admitted women but new land-grant schools changed that and allowed women to enroll. By 1910 40 percent of all American college students were women. Schools near Native American reservations open to Native Americans to help train for jobs. Although these schools provided training, they were **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">isolated **, or cut off, from their tribal traditions. Some schools were hundreds of miles away from a student’s family. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">Booker T. Washington <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Booker T. Washington was a very interesting man who lived in the late eighteenth early twentieth century’s. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Booker T. Washington was born April 5, 1856 in Hales Ford Virginia. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Born a slave Washington gained his freedom at the end of the Civil War. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">His mother Jane was an enslaved African American woman who worked as a cook. His father was an unknown white plantation owner. Although Booker’s mother Jane could not read she bought him spelling books. Jane was a major influence in his schooling.

At a young age Washington worked with his mother and other freed blacks as a salt-packer. He helped out in a coal mine and as a house boy for Viola Runner the wife of General Lewis runner. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">After working in coal mines and salt furnaces he made his way east to Hampton Institute (an established school for free men) to get a better education. Washington worked very hard in his studies at Hampton and later graduated and went to Wayland Seminary to complete his task of being an African American instructor.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Washington then became the leader of Tuskegee Institute for higher education (a teacher’s college). Washington purchased an old plantation to be the sight of the campus. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">His school was very successful and is still running today. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Washington did not help only his school he helped others too. Washington helped raise funds to operate and create schools for African Americans.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise was addressed in Georgia. Washington was famous for this speech. He stated that even though we are all different we are all the same.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Booker T. Washington died a sad death. In his doctors notes’ it says he died of racial disease which is now known more commonly as high blood pressure. In his tests they also say he died of a sexually transmitted disease called syphilis. He was later buried at Tuskegee, and there is a memorial of him there.

<span style="color: #3741a4; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">** The Treatment of Native Americans ** Helen Hunt Jackson was born on October 15, 1830 in Amherst, Massachusetts. She was a Native American activist. After the deaths in her family occurred, she was eager to give writing a chance. Helen attended a lecture in Boston, held by Chief Standing Bear, a Ponca Indian. There, Standing Bear discussed the poor treatment of Native Americans. Hunt was appalled and decided to become an activist. Helen started investigating, publicizing government misconduct, circulating petitions, raising money, and writing letters to //the New York Times// on behalf of the Ponca. She also began to expose violations of Indian treaties and how settlers stole their lands. Helen began writing a book about the state and federal Indian policies. She kept record of the history of broken treaties. Soon Helen became an Interior Department agent for Hiram Price, Commissioner of Indian affairs. After she finished her mission, she wanted to write a book about the Indians mistreatment. Helen Hunt Jackson’s original title for the book was //In the Name of the Law//. The final product was the classic novel //Ramona//. Published in 1884, I achieved almost instant success. Helen Hunt Jackson died of stomach cancer on August 12, 1885, at the age of fifty five. Her current resting place is Evergreen Cemetery in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">As opportunities for education grew, more Americans became interested in reading. In 1881, Andrew Carnegie pledge to build a public library in any city that would pay its operating cost. Many writers of the era explored new themes and subjects. Their approach to literature was called **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">realism ** because they sought to describe the lives of people. Related to realism was **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">regionalism **, writing that focused on a particular region of the country. Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Paul Laurence Dunbar, and Horatio Alger are examples of realism and regionalism writers. Technological advances in printing, papermaking, and communications made it possible to publish a daily paper for a large number of readers. Joseph Pulitzer purchased the New York //World// and created a new kind of newspaper. Illustrations, cartoons, and sensational stories grabbed the reader’s attention and help make newspaper companies become successful. This sensational writing style became known as **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">yellow journalism **.
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">A Nation of Readers **

__ William Randolph Hearst __ William Randolph Hearst was a man who lived in the late 1800’s to the early 1900’s. He spent his life working to own the best newspaper companies in the world. If it wasn’t for William, newspapers and mass media would not be anything like they are today. William was born on April 29, 1863, in San Francisco, California. His parents were George and Phoebe Hearst. William went to St. Paul’s preparatory school in Concord, New Hampshire at age 16. After he went to St. Paul’s, he went to study at Harvard. At Harvard, William got into journalism where he first started to show that he would become a future writer. At the time that William was at Harvard, his father bought the San Francisco Examiner. When William came back from Harvard, he asked his father to turn over the Examiner to him. In 1887, William became proprietor of the San Francisco Examiner. He then nicknamed the Examiner “The Monarch of the Dailies”. Later after he became proprietor, he purchased The New York Journal. He made his first magazine in 1903 called the Motor. With expanding his business to radio, movies, magazines, and newsreels his business grew enormously, creating the Hearst Corporation. The Hearst Corporation would be a huge success for William. In 1903, William found the love of his life. Her name was Millicent Veronica Wilson. William and Millicent fell in love and got married. Later they had two twin sons. Their names were David Whitmire Hearst and Randolph Apperson Hearst. In 1919, William was having an affair with a famous movie actress and comedian, Marion Davies. Millicent found out about William having the affair and abandoned him. William led a life from April 29, 1863 to August 14, 1951. William accomplished many things that would probably not be today because of him. William was the founder of the Hearst Corporation. This corporation changed the way that mass media is seen throughout the world. The Hearst Corporation started out as a small company that sold newspapers and magazines. Today the Hearst Corporation is one of the largest media companies in America. Some of the things it does today include magazines, newspapers, business publishing, television and radio broadcasting, cable networks, TV production and distribution, and internet business. The corporation has been around since the late 1800’s expanding tremendously throughout the years. The Hearst Corporation has been a great newspaper company for many years and is still expanding on new ideas everyday so that they can keep their readers entertained.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">During this era, Americans enjoyed increasing amounts of leisure time. A popular leisure-time activity was **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">spectator sport **. Many sports, including baseball drew large crowds of enthusiastic fans. Another spectator sport was football which developed from the English game rugby. Basketball, invented by Dr. James Naismith is considered today the only major American sport that is completely American made. Beside sports, Americans became eager fans of shows and movies. Large cities had many theaters. Plays performed ranged from serious Shakespeare dramas to **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">vaudeville ** shows, which were variety shows with dancing, singing, comedy, and magic acts. Because everyone could afford their ticket, vaudevilles became the most popular shows in town. For most of the 1800s, the work of American artists and musicians reflected a European influence. Some American painters pursued realist themes in their works. Impressionists tried to capture the play of light, color, and patterns as they made immediate impressions on the senses. African Americans in New Orleans in the late 1800s developed a new kind of music called **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">jazz **, which is combined elements of work songs, gospel music, spirituals, and African rhythms. Related to jazz was **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">ragtime **, which was a type of music with a strong rhythm and a lively melody with accented notes. One other type of music that was popular was going to a symphony hall and listening to an orchestra play classical music.
 * <span style="color: #365f91; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Leisure and the Arts **

John Philip Sousa was well respected for his music and the work he has done in the military. John Philip Sousa’s birth took place on November 6, 1854 in the great Washington D.C. John was the third child born in a family of ten kids. At the age of six he began his music life. By the age of eleven he organized and led his own quadrille orchestra. Although his passion was music he also knew serving his country was just as important. When John was thirteen he was enlisted, within the same year he attempted to run away and join a circus. He later became a professional violinist and he was only nineteen. Because of what he made of himself people called him “march king”. His father John Antonio Sousa was a strong man. His mother Elizabeth Trinkhouse was a gentle woman with her hopes high. John met Jane Van Middles worth Bellis, his sweetheart. Jane and John met in 1876; by December 30, 1879 they were married. Two years later they had their first child a little boy named John Philip Jr. in 1881. A year after that they had a little girl named Jane Priscilla in 1882. Once having two beautiful children they waited it out and decided to have one more. A girl named Helen in 1887. John wrote 136 marches in his lifetime. On top of that he wrote countless operettas. There was one specific composition John Philip Sousa was known for and that was “stars and stripes forever”. He had one of his first band performances at stillman music hall September 26th. John also toured Europe in 1900, 1901 and 1905. Along with his music passion he also had a passion and obligation to his country and to serving it. John was the head of the marine band from 1880-1892. John’s music life was no more important than his military life. John was a Lieutant commander U.S naval reserve. He also led navy band at Great Lakes Naval station around Chicago Illinois. John was a volunteer Bandmaster in the U.S army during Spanish and American war. He served U.S Marine Corps 1868-1875. Besides his typical careers and hobbies he was every now and then asked to do a favor for someone. John Was asked to write a processional song for the unveiling of a bronze statue of Joseph Henry. Joseph Henry died 1878. He is known for the invention of the first electric-motor. John Philip Sousa was independently wealthy. He donated money to sailors and marines relief funds. Besides what we know already John wrote three novels the most popular ones are “The Fifth String” and “Transit of Venus”. Along with the writing of these few stories he also took the time to write an autobiography. John was also a Horseman at a champion level. One last known talent of Johns is that he was one of the greatest trap shooters. John Philip Sousa died March 6, 1932. It is said that it was from a heart attack in his room on the fourth floor of what now is the Abraham Lincoln hotel. Some people only know John from one of his most famous pieces “Stars and Stripes forever”. This was also the last piece that John had performed before his death. A famous saying from John Philip Sousa is “A march should make a man with a wooden leg step out." __ Scott Joplin __ Scott Joplin was born outside of Texarkana on the eastern part of Texas. For many years it was thought that Joplin’s birth date was November 24, 1868. But this was proven entirely incorrect. The most reasonable date would the second half of 1867. Around age eleven, a German music teacher named Julius Weiss gave Scott Joplin inspiration to become a musical entertainer. Weiss also taught Joplin sight reading, harmony, and appreciation of the music. After Weiss left the family, Scott left to become a traveling musician. Scott Joplin played his own music at Church gatherings and some non-religious gatherings. He also played pre-ragtime jig piano throughout the mid-south. In 1893, Scott traveled to Chicago to perform at the world’s fair. He worked close by to cafes and then formed his first band. By 1897, ragtime had become the national favorite with American citizens.

1894, Joplin moved back to Sedalia, Missouri to play at the Maple Leaf Club and the Black 400. These were both black social clubs for black men. He soon gained the reputation as a respected black pianist and began teaching and composing music. One of his earliest works is the Great Collision March. It was written after a staged train crash in McLennan County, Texas. In 1899, Joplin married belle, who was the sister-in-law of Scott Hayden. Hayden sold Joplin’s Maple Leaf Rag t a music publisher called Stark &Son. Six months later, the record sold 75,000 copies in America. This served as a model for hundreds of rag composers to come. Scott Joplin was then known as the “King of Ragtime writers”. After Scott and Belle moved to St. Louis in early 1900, Belle left Scott Joplin. It was in St. Louis where Joplin and Hayden composed some of their most famous works such as The Entertainer, The Majestic, and the ragtime Dance. In 1907, Joplin moved to New York City in high hopes he would find a publisher for his musical, Treemonisha. He met Lottie Stokes, who he married in 1909. In 1914 Scott and Lottie used the name “Scott Joplin Music Company” to self-publish the Magnetic rag. He knew he has been afflicted with the deadly disease known as tertiary syphilis. He then descended slowly into madness. Then, in January 1917, he was admitted into the Manhattan State Hospital, which was well known metal institute. Scott Joplin died there on April 1, 1917, of dementia. At an early life Scott Joplin obviously had the talent to become one of the world’s greatest musicians. His combination of classical and rag music, was the perfect combination for American citizens. His love and talent for music gave inspiration to all musicians to come.