The+Industrial+Age

Chapter 5 -The Industrial Age

 Section 1 During the Civil War, trains carried troops and supplies to the front lines. After the war, the railroad system grew greatly and drove economic growth in the United States. By 1860, the U.S. had nearly 30,000 miles of railroad track. By 1900, there was at least 193,000 miles of railroad track in the U.S. Railroad expansion was accompanied by consolidation. after consolidation, railroad barons controlled the nation's railroad traffic. Railroad barons were aggressive and competitive. They made secret agreements, called pools, among themselves. Railroadshad an effect on the lumber industry because they supplied wood for the railway ties. It also effected the coal industry, which provided the fuel for the trains. The steel and iron industries also profited from railroads. Railroad companies provided jobs for thousands of people. large railroads offered secret discounts to their biggest customers. Trains redistributed the American population. Many Inventions were developed during the late 1800's and early 1900's.Some of the inventions that were developed for trains were air brakes, invented by George Westinghouse. Air brakes improved the system for stopping trains, making train travel safer.Janney car couplers were invented by Eli H. Janney. They made it easier for railroad workers to link cars. Refrigerated cars were invented by Gustavus Swift. They enabled railroads to ship meat and other perishable goods long distances.

Section 2  Improvement in communication helped unify the country and promoted economic growth, and Samuel Morse made the telegraph, beginning the improvement in communication. By 1860, the United states had thousands of miles of telegraph lines, managed mostly by the Western Union Telegraph company. In 1866, Cyrus Field made a telegraph line across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, which revolutionized communications even more than the telegraph. Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Alexander, or “Aleck” as his family calls him, had two older brothers, Edward and Melville. Edward died at a young age of tuberculosis. Aleck’s father’s name is Alexander Melville Bell, and his mother’s name is Eliza Grace. Aleck’s grandfather, Alexander Bell, his father and his uncle were all elocutionists, which is the study of grammar. It was likely that Aleck would become one of these to, as he had a good speaking voice at a young age. Bell next job was at Boston School for Deaf Mutes to help the instructors there with their job. Bell taught many students, including Helen Keller and his future wife, Mabel Hubbard. In 1874, Bell met with Thomas A. Watson, a renowned electrical engineer, and they started working on the telephone. In 1875 Watson and Bell made the telephone and patented it in the United States and Britain. The first words said on the telephone were “Watson, I need you”. Bell said this to Watson because he spilled acid on his leg and needed Watson’s help. The first public showing of the telephone was in Philadelphia in 1876. The Bell telephone company was created in 1887. In its first year alone, 150,000 people in the United States alone had telephones under the Bell Telephone Company. Bell made many other inventions besides the telephone. Bell made the first metal detector in 1881, and he used it to find the bullet in assassinated President Garfield’s body. Bell could not find the bullet as the body was lying on a metal spring mattress, and therefore corrupted his metal detector. The doctors would not let Bell move the president’s body because they thought his machine did not work and did not trust Bell. Bell also made a primitive form of air conditioning, and a vacuum. The vacuum was made to help you breathe easier. Bell was inspired to make the vacuum because both his sons died of breathing problems. Bell created the first photo phone, which enabled sound to be transmitted on a beam of light. This invention helped later inventors make laser and fiber optic inventions and creations. Bell died of diabetes on August 2, 1922 at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, at age seventy-five. Bell had eighteen patents, twelve shared with partners and six owned by just him. When bell died, everyone silenced their phones for the rest of the day.

Anther successful individual in communication was Joseph Pulitzer. He was a very successful immigrant during the industrial revolution. He changed the world of journalism and what it is today. Joseph Pulitzer was born on April 10, 1847. He turned out to be very wealthy and successful businessman, he bought New York world, for three hundred and forty thousand dollars. Joseph slowly changed New York world by changing it into a journal, focusing on sensationalism, human interest stories, and scandal.

As Joseph was getting older he was starting to become blind. He had someone else step in and take the lead role in taking care and managing of New York world. Joseph was very wealthy, so he liked to try to donate large sums of money for educational purposes. He tried to donate money to Columbia University, it got rejected at first. The school did not accept the money until there was a new president of Colombian university. By that time Joseph was already dead, and left the school two million dollars in his will, which they used to build the Colombian University graduate school of journalism.

Joseph died on his yacht on October 29, 1911. Joseph death inspired the Pulitzer Prize. The first Pulitzer Prize was awarded in 1917, after Joseph was dead. The prize is announced every April. The Pulitzer Prize is awarded to peoples in the United States for music, literature, newspaper, and journalism. The winner of the award gets a gold medal, and a ten thousand dollar cash prize.

While the late 1800's saw a burst of inventiveness in the United States, many inventions were already underway. Most of the inventions were designed to help business's work more efficiently. Elias Howe During the year 1819, on July 9, in Spencer Massachusetts, Elias Howe was born. His parents were Sr. and Polly Bemis Howe. During e finished grade school, he did not continue his education any farther. Elias’s early years he lived in Massachusetts. He went to local schools during the winter months; he did not continue his education any farther. Elias apprenticed at a textile factory in 1835. This factory was located in Lowell, Massachusetts. In 1837, he had to leave due to the Panic of 1837. From there he moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts. He later then, went to work as another apprentice for Ari Davis who was a mechanic. There he worked with carding machinery. It was at this job that Elias thought of the idea of the sewing machine. He created his first working sewing machine in 1845. On September 10, 1846 Elias received a patent for his sewing machine. This was the first sewing machine to have a United States patent. Although it was the first to receive that patent, Elias was not the only one to think of the idea of the sewing machine. Another person who thought of the idea of the sewing machine was Walter Hunt. The sewing machine featured “a needle with an eye at the point, a shuttle operating beneath cloth to form lock stitch, and an automatic feed” (Wikipedia 1). “Elias’s machine had 250 stitches a minute” (About.com 1). The machine “out stitched five hand sewers” (about.com 1). Howe was having trouble finding investors for his patented machine in the United States, so his brother, Amasa, went to England looking for investors. William Thomas was the first to buy a machine. The machine was sold for 250 pounds. Later, Elias and his family moved to England. But because of some sort of problem with the investor William, Elias and his family moved back to the United States, with not even a cent in hand. Later, when everyone was settled back in Massachusetts, Elias’s wife died. After he had gotten back from England, Elias had realized that people began to steal his idea. One of the people who took his idea was Isaac Singer who had help from Walter Hunt, who was the other person who had the idea of the sewing machine. Isaac’s machine featured the same things as Elias’s. From the year 1849 to 1854 Elias spent time in court fighting for his sewing machine. He later won. For every sewing machine sold in the United States, Elias received royalties. Not only did Elias create the sewing machine, he created the zipper. He called it the “Automatic, Continuous Clothing Closure” (about.com 1). He created this in 1851. Although he was first to make the zipper and get a patent for it, he is not known as the person who created the zipper. Elias created The Howe Machine Company of Bridgeport, Maine in the year 1865. At the Paris Exhibition of 1867, Elias won a gold medal for the sewing machine he made in The Howe Machine Company. On October 3, in 1867, Elias died at age forty-eight. The cause of death is not known. Elias was buried in Green-Wood cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

In 1888, George Eastman invented a small box camera, the Kodak, that made it easier and less costly to make photographs. John Thurman developed a vacuum cleaner in 1889, that simplified housework. Thomas Edison made the first workable light bulb in 1879.He also designed power plants that could produce electric power and distribute it to light bulbs. In 1882, Thomas Edison built the first central electric power plant, which illuminated 85 buildings. in 1885, George Westinghouse developed transformers that could send electric power cheaper over long distances. Henry Ford wanted to build an inexpensive car that could last a lifetime. In 1903, he established his own auto making company, called Ford Motor Company, in Detroit and began making cars. In 1908, Ford Motor Company introduced the Model T car to the public. During the next 18 years, Ford Motor Company sold 15 million Model T's in the United States. Henry Ford also invented the assembly line and was the first producer to use mass production. Thomas Edison is one of the most famous inventors in America. He was born in Milan, Ohio on February 11, 1847. As smart as Edison grew up to be, it’s surprising that he was not as smart as he turned out to be. In school young Edison’s mind often wondered, and one of his teachers was overheard calling Edison addled, which means to be confused. Edison grew up in Port Huron, Michigan.

Later in Edison’s life, he got a job as a telegrapher, when he saved three-year-old Jimmie Mackenzie from being struck by a runaway train. Jimmies father was so grateful that Edison saved his son, he trained Edison was a telegraph operator. Edison wanted the night shift so he could read and experiment before his shift. Edison was later fired, because he was working with a lead acid battery, and he accidentally spilled sulfuric acid on the floor, which got into the floor boards and onto his boss’s desk. Edison had many inventions that gave us the technology world that we live in today. Many people say that Thomas Edison invented the light bulb, but that is not true. Edison really just improved on a 50-year-old idea. Some of Edison’s other inventions included the phonograph, that rotates which causes a stylus to vibrate and the vibrations are amplified electronically and acoustically, he also created Edison Motion Pictures, which was a regular camera used for motion pictures, Just like the cameras we use today. Edison died on October 18, 1931, because on diabetes complications. He is buried behind his home in West Orange, New Jersey, which he has purchased in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina. Edison’s last breath is said to be contained in a test tube at the Henry Ford museum

Two brothers from the small town of Dayton, Ohio changed the way we travel. Born near the town of Millville Indiana on April 16, 1867, Wilbur Wright was the son of Milton Wright (later became Bishop Wright) and Susan Katherine Koerner. On August 19, 1871 Wilbur’s favorite brother Orville was born in Dayton Ohio. Wilbur and Orville were two brothers out of seven kids. One day, their father came home from a business trip with a gift for them. It was a toy helicopter that flew in the air. The brothers were amazed of how it flew and from that day on the brothers would be inspired by the idea of flying. The two brothers jumped on the bicycle rave in the 1890s and opened their own bicycle shop in downtown Dayton. First called the Wright Cycle Exchange, the brothers sold many popular bicycle brands and parts.[|The Wright Cycle Co.] In the late 1890s, the brothers became more interested in flying than ever before. In 1900 the brothers started their trip to Kitty Hawk. There first glider in 1900 was flown like a kite first so they could test for its roll control and wing warping. With that success, they decided to come back in 1901 and test out their new design. When they returned to Kitty Hawk in 1901, their glider had a twenty-two foot wing span and weight over hundred pounds. It was flown like a kite again and was piloted. Back at Kitty Hawk in 1902, the brothers began another series of test that would prove to be successful. Their 1902 model was the first airplane to be controlled in roll, pitch, and yaw. It also had a movable tail that helped balance their craft. The Wright brothers returned to Kitty Hawk in 1903 to test their engine and propellers. On December 17, 1903 Orville flew their glider 120 feet in 12 seconds making it mankind’s first controlled power flight. [|Airplane Models] Wilbur toured France setting new altitude records and distance while getting the crowd’s attention. In May 1912 Wilbur died of typhoid fever at the age of 45. Orville died in January 1948 at the age of 76. Wilbur and Orville Wright changed history forever.
 * The Wright Brothers **

Section 3 Petroleum was found in western Pennsylvania, and oil became valuable. Edwin. L. Drake believed he could find petroleum by digging a well. Drake drilled a well in Titusville, Pennsylvania, and struck oil. During the late 1800s, new technology and transportation and business methods allowed the country to tap it's rich supply of natural resources and increased production. The country soon changed from a agricultural economy to an industrial one. The U.S. also had the resources needed for a growing economy. Factors of production were land, which was met by Americas growing natural resources, labor, which was met by rapid population growth, and capital, many manufactured goods used to make other goods and services. incorporation is a company that sells shares or stocks of its business to the public. people who invest in the corporation by buying stocks are shareholders. The oil industry rapidly grew and was led by John. D Rockefeller. Rockefeller created the standerd oil trust, and dominated the oil industry. Rockefeller owned every aspect of oil making and used horizontal integration, which means he bought all aspects of the business and formed it into one company. Two new methods of making steel were created. Mills could now produce steel at affordable prices, and large quantities.
 * An Age of Business.**

Another giant in the steel industry was Andrew Carnage. he built the steel plant near Pittsburgh and used Horizontal integration to build his industry. Soon Carnage was producing one- third of the nations steel supply. Millionaires of the area began to use the money to benefit communities. Carnegie donated $350 million to various organizations. Rockefeller made the New York's Rockefeller institute for medical research.

John Dewey was born on October 20, 1859 in Burlington, Vermont. He was a very smart man. He entered the University of Vermont when he was just fifteen. He completed and graduated the university in 1879. Wanting to further his education, he received his PhD from John Hopkins University in 1884. He had numerous teaching jobs and positions. He taught at the University of Michigan from 1884 to 1888 and 1889 until 1894, in which he taught at the University of Minnesota for one year in between. In 1894 he was hired as the chairman of the Department of Philosophy, Psychology, and Pedagogy at the University of Chicago. When finished at Chicago in 1899, Dewey was elected president of the American Psychological Association, and in 1905 he became president of the American Philosophical Association. In 1929, John organized the League for Independent Political Action and co-founded the American Civil Liberties Union and American Association of University Professors. His professional life was extremely productive and included more than 700 articles in 140 journals and about forty books. After World War I, John Dewey traveled all over the world. First, he lectured at the Imperial Institute in Japan. He then spent two years teaching at numerous universities in China. In 1924, he shared his knowledge with schools in Turkey, and in 1926 he did the same with the University of Mexico. His trip to the Soviet Union two years later allowed him to experience other places as well. John Dewey’s Theory of Experience, or Experimental Education, was what he became famous for. He pointed out that the “authoritarian, strict, preordained” knowledge approach of traditional education was too concerned with delivering knowledge, and not enough with understanding and teaching from students’ actual experiences. “Give the pupils something to do, not something to learn; and the doing is of such a nature as thinking, learning naturally result,” was what Dewey preached and based his philosophies off of. He thought that teachers and professors must realize the unique differences between each s tudent, and that teaching must be designed in ways that allow each student to learn to the best of their ability. He also argued that “one way delivery style teaching” or “teachers dictating” does not provide a good model for a democratic society. Dewey somewhat acknowledged the believers of traditional education. He did still believe that the teachers should be there guiding the students. He was very critical of complete “free , student-driven” education because students usually do not know how to structure learning for their maximum benefit. Teachers used to tell Dewey that they were preparing him for life. As he grew older, Dewey said that, “Education is not a preparation for life <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">; education is life itself.” John Dewey died on June 1, 1952 in New York City after a long ninety-two years  <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">.

Section 4 Industrial Workers. The industrial growth of the late 1800s created new jobs. Yet factory workers paid a price for economic progress. As mass production increased, factories became larger and less personal. Many people worked in sweatshops, which were hot, dirty, and unsanitary working factories. By 1900 more than one million women had joined the industrial workforce. Because there were no laws that regulated workers' salaries, women, in general, earned about half of what men did for the same work. dissatisfied workers organized into groups, or labor unions to demand better pay and better working conditions. Many labor unions were persecuted and treated diffrently by company owners. So they met in secret, and used special handshakes, to indentify, or recognize one another. Violent strikes turned the public feelings against workers and unions. Worker unions survived, and some claims to have more than 1.6 million members. Many unions would not admit women, so women created they're own unions. In 1911, a fire broke out at the triangle shirt-waist company factory. The workers, mostly young women, could not escape because the company locked the door to prevent the workers from leaving early. Nearly 150 workers died. This made unions push for safer working enviorments. Economic depressions forces conmpanies to lower wages and fire workers. Unions responded with long strikes and violence. There were many bloody clashes between police and strikers, Just like in the Chicago's haymarket square. Also workers were on strike in Andrew Carnagie steel plant in homestead, Pennsylvania, because plant managers had cut workers wages. Managers hired non- union workers and 300 armed guards. A fierce battle left ten people dead. State Militia were set to break it up. After this failure, steel workers unions numbers dwindled.

Inventers of this Chapter: